This presentation describes the emergence and state of election monitoring, its contribution to democratic transition, and problems and shortcomings of election observation. It also focuses on vote count verification and improving professionalism.

This resource reviews the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1966. The ICCPR commits its parties to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair trial.

For more information on ICCPR, please visit the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm

The presentation describes challenges facing emerging democracies and factors different from western systems that can impact campaign finance. Results from a study of campaign finance are summarized.